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Wednesday, December 30, 2015

जीएसटी। यानी गुड्स एंड सर्विस टैक्स क्या है।


जीएसटी को इस दशक का सबसे अहम आर्थिक सुधार माना जा रहा है। जीएसटी लागू होने के बाद वस्तुओं और सेवाओं पर अलग-अलग लगने वाले सभी कर एक ही कर में समाहित हो जाएंगे। 

इससे पूरे देश में वस्तुओं और सेवाओं की कीमतें लगभग एक हो जाएंगी। मैन्युफैक्चरिंग लागत घटेगी, जिससे उपभोक्ताओं के लिए सामान सस्ता होगा। 

अप्रत्यक्ष कर की इस नई व्यवस्था से अर्थव्यवस्था को 60 लाख करोड़ रुपये का फायदा होगा। पेश है जीएसटी, अब तक इसके सफर और आगे की संभावना पर दीपक मंडल का विश्लेषण।

क्या है जीएसटी

जीएसटी एक वैट है, जो वस्तुओं और सेवाओं दोनों पर लगेगा। मौजूदा दौर में वैट सिर्फ वस्तुओं पर लागू होता है। जीएसटी दो स्तरों पर लगेगा। 

एक केंद्रीय जीएसटी होगा, जबकि दूसरा राज्य का। इससे पूरा देश एकीकृत बाजार में तब्दील हो जाएगा और ज्यादातर अप्रत्यक्ष कर जीएसटी में समाहित हो जाएंगे।

केंद्र के स्तर पर यह केंद्रीय उत्पाद शुल्क, सेवा कर और अतिरिक्त सीमा शुल्क और राज्य स्तर पर वैट, मनोरंजन, विलासिता, लॉटरी टैक्स और बिजली शुल्क को समाहित कर लगेगा। 

केंद्रीय बिक्री कर (सीएसटी) खत्म हो जाएगा। प्रवेश शुल्क और चुंगी भी खत्म हो जाएगी। अलग-अलग टैक्स की बजाय एक टैक्स लगने की वजह से चीजों के दाम घटेंगे और आम उपभोक्ताओं को फायदा होगा। 

सरकार की टैक्स वसूली की लागत भी घट जाएगी। जीएसटी दर का खुलासा नहीं हुआ है। ज्यादातर देशों में यह 14 से 16 फीसदी तक है।

राज्यों को अपने राजस्व और स्वायत्तता के नुकसान का डर था। सबसे बड़ा विरोध पेट्रोलियम उत्पादों पर लगाए जाने वाले टैक्स को लेकर था। राज्यों का 50 फीसदी राजस्व इसी से आता है। 

राज्य केंद्रीय बिक्री कर (सीएसटी) खत्म हो जाने की वजह से होने वाली राजस्व हानि को लेकर भी चिंतित थे। सीएसटी अंतर राज्य कारोबार पर लगने वाला टैक्स है।
 

निर्यात करने वाले राज्य की ओर से लगाए जाने वाले इस टैक्स को 2007 में चार फीसदी से घटा कर दो फीसदी कर दिया गया था।
 

केंद्र ने राज्यों को 2010 तक इसकी भरपाई का वादा किया था। लेकिन 2010 के बाद केंद्र ने इसे बंद कर दिया था। विरोध की यह बड़ी वजह थी।



चूंकि राज्यों के राजस्व का 50% पेट्रो उत्पादों पर लगने वाले टैक्स से आता है लिहाजा उन्हें राहत देने के लिए इसे जीएसटी में शामिल करने के बावजूद केंद्र इस पर तीन साल तक टैक्स नहीं वसूलेगा। 

राज्य तीन साल तक इस पर टैक्स वसूल सकते हैं। केंद्र ने सीएसटी का भुगतान बंद होने पर राज्यों को होने वाले घाटे की भरपाई के लिए इस वित्त वर्ष में 11000 करोड़ रुपये देने का वादा किया है।
 

केंद्र डेढ़ करोड़ रुपये का कारोबार करने वाले कारोबारियों से टैक्स वसूलेगा। अल्कोहल और तंबाकू पर टैक्स उगाही राज्य ही करेंगे।
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AIAT Institute


Industrial Accounting and Taxation Practical Training


15, Bhande Plot Umred Road , Nagpur

Mob. 9373104022

Email.: info@aiatindia.com

Site : www.aiatindia.com


Tuesday, December 22, 2015

HOW TO WRITE A EFFECTIVE RESUME




Your resume is your most important tool when applying for a job. It doesn't matter how qualified you are, or how much experience you have - if your resume is poorly presented or badly written, you're going to have trouble getting the job you want - or even an interview.

Taking the time to work on your resume is really important. The information on this page offers some tips and advice on how to make your resume the best it can be.


Key points that will serve as a compass as you go through each step of writing your resume.



Find a Job for Your Resume :
Learn why this step is important to writing a good resume. Don't make the mistake so many make by doing this step after they write their resumes.

List of Keywords for Your Resume :
Recruiters and employers search for keywords, so you need to put them in your resume if you want to be found.

Choose a Resume best Format
One size doesn't fit all when it comes to resume format. Learn which of these three resume formats will make your job search a success.
Chronological Resume Template
Functional Resume Template
Combination Resume Template

Resume Heading
Believe it or not, there's a right way and a wrong way to do this easy step. Be sure you do it the right way!

Job Objective
Learn the pros and cons of having a job objective statement, how to write a good one, and some good options for not having one. For example, here's a Sample of a Professional Title on a Resume.

Qualifications  Summary
 If the employer reads only this part of your resume, does she get the very best of what you have to offer? Find out how to make your Summary shine!

Work Experience / JOB Details
Know how to write your work history on your resume to make the best of it, even if you have tough problems. In this step, you'll learn:
How to Explain Unemployment on Your Resume
How to Overcome Age Discrimination With Dates on a Resume

Your Achievement Statements
Achievement statements tell the employer you're worth hiring, or at least interviewing for the job. Spend time on this part so you use your resume real estate wisely.

List of  Education on Your Resume
Where to put your Education section, what to list in it, and how to deal with many college degrees or no degree at all.

Community Service and Other Lists on Your Resume
Where and how to put all those lists of community service, skills, and other things that need a place of their own on your resume.

AIAT Institute
Industrial Accounting and Taxation Practical Training
15, Bhande Plot Umred Road , Nagpur
Mob. 9373104022


Sunday, December 13, 2015

What Is Accounting Standards



Accounting is the art of recording transactions in the best manner possible, so as to enable the reader to arrive at judgments/come to conclusions, and in this regard it is utmost necessary that there are set guidelines. These guidelines are generally called accounting policies. The intricacies of accounting policies permitted Companies to alter their accounting principles for their benefit. This made it impossible to make comparisons. In order to avoid the above and to have a harmonized accounting principle, Standards needed to be set by recognized accounting bodies. This paved the way for Accounting Standards to come into existence.
Accounting Standards in India are issued By the Institute of Chartered Accountanst of India (ICAI). 

Objective of Accounting Standards

Objective of Accounting Standards is to standarize the diverse accounting policies and practices with a view to eliminate to the extent possible the non-comparability of financial statements and the reliability to the financial statements.
The institute of Chatered Accountants of India, recognizing the need to harmonize the diversre accounting policies and practices, constituted at Accounting Standard Board (ASB) on 21st April, 1977.

Compliance with Accounting Standards issued by ICAI

Sub Section(3A) to section 211 of Companies Act, 1956 requires that every Profit/Loss Account and Balance Sheet shall comply with the Accounting Standards. 'Accounting Standards' means the standard of accounting recomended by the ICAI and prescribed by the Central Government in consultation with the National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards(NACAs) constituted under section 210(1) of companies Act, 1956.

Accounting Standards Issued by the Institute of Chatered Accountants of India are as below:

  1. Disclosure of accounting policies:
  2. Valuation Of Inventories:
  3. Cash Flow Statements
  4. Contingencies and events Occurring after the Balance sheet Date
  5. Net Profit or loss For the period, Prior period items and Changes in accounting Policies.
  6. Depreciation accounting.
  7. Construction Contracts.
  8. Revenue Recognition.
  9. Accounting For Fixed Assets.
  10. The Effect of Changes In Foreign Exchange Rates.
  11. Accounting For Government Grants.
  12. Accounting For Investments.
  13. Accounting For Amalgamation.
  14. Employee Benefits.
  15. Borrowing Cost.
  16. Segment Reporting.
  17. Related Party Disclosures.
  18. Accounting For Leases.
  19. Earning Per Share.
  20. Consolidated Financial Statement.
  21. Accounting For Taxes on Income.
  22. Accounting for Investment in associates in Consolidated Financial Statement.
  23. Discontinuing Operation.
  24. Interim Financial Reporting.
  25. Intangible assets.
  26. Financial Reporting on Interest in joint Ventures.
  27. Impairment Of assets.
  28. Provisions, Contingent, liabilities and Contingent assets.
  29. Financial instrument.
  30. Financial Instrument: presentation.
  31. Financial Instruments, Disclosures and Limited revision to accounting standards.


Disclosure of Accounting Policies: Accounting Policies refer to specific accounting principles and the method of applying those principles adopted by the enterprises in preparation and presentation of the financial statements.
Valuation of Inventories: The objective of this standard is to formulate the method of computation of cost of inventories / stock, determine the value of closing stock / inventory at which the inventory is to be shown in balance sheet till it is not sold and recognized as revenue.
Cash Flow Statements: Cash flow statement is additional information to user of financial statement. This statement exhibits the flow of incoming and outgoing cash. This statement assesses the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and to utilize the cash. This statement is one of the tools for assessing the liquidity and solvency of the enterprise.
Contigencies and Events occuring after the balance sheet date: In preparing financial statement of a particular enterprise, accounting is done by following accrual basis of accounting and prudent accounting policies to calculate the profit or loss for the year and to recognize assets and liabilities in balance sheet. While following the prudent accounting policies, the provision is made for all known liabilities and losses even for those liabilities / events, which are probable. Professional judgement is required to classify the likehood of the future events occuring and, therefore, the question of contingencies and their accounting arises.
Objective of this standard is to prescribe the accounting of contigencies and the events, which take place after the balance sheet date but before approval of balance sheet by Board of Directors. The Accounting Standard deals with Contingencies and Events occuring after the balance sheet date.
Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items and change in Accounting Policies : The objective of this accounting standard is to prescribe the criteria for certain items in the profit and loss account so that comparability of the financial statement can be enhanced. Profit and loss account being a period statement covers the items of the income and expenditure of the particular period. This accounting standard also deals with change in accounting policy, accounting estimates and extraordinary items.
Depreciation Accounting : It is a measure of wearing out, consumption or other loss of value of a depreciable asset arising from use, passage of time. Depreciation is nothing but distribution of total cost of asset over its useful life.
Construction Contracts : Accounting for long term construction contracts involves question as to when revenue should be recognized and how to measure the revenue in the books of contractor. As the period of construction contract is long, work of construction starts in one year and is completed in another year or after 4-5 years or so. Therefore question arises how the profit or loss of construction contract by contractor should be determined. There may be following two ways to determine profit or loss: On year-to-year basis based on percentage of completion or On completion of the contract.
Revenue Recognition : The standard explains as to when the revenue should be recognized in profit and loss account and also states the circumstances in which revenue recognition can be postponed. Revenue means gross inflow of cash, receivable or other consideration arising in the course of ordinary activities of an enterprise such as:- The sale of goods, Rendering of Services, and Use of enterprises resources by other yeilding interest, dividend and royalties. In other words, revenue is a charge made to customers / clients for goods supplied and services rendered.
Accounting for Fixed Assets : It is an asset, which is:- Held with intention of being used for the purpose of producing or providing goods and services. Not held for sale in the normal course of business. Expected to be used for more than one accounting period.
The Effects of changes in Foreign Exchange Rates : Effect of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rate shall be applicable in Respect of Accounting Period commencing on or after 01-04-2004 and is mandatory in nature. This accounting Standard applicable to accounting for transaction in Foreign currencies in translating in the Financial Statement Of foreign operation Integral as well as non- integral and also accounting for For forward exchange.Effect of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rate, an enterprises should disclose following aspects:
  • Amount Exchange Difference included in Net profit or Loss;
  • Amount accumulated in foreign exchange translation reserve;
  • Reconciliation of opening and closing balance of Foreign Exchange translation reserve;
Accounting for Government Grants : Governement Grants are assistance by the Govt. in the form of cash or kind to an enterprise in return for past or future compliance with certain conditions. Government assistance, which cannot be valued reasonably, is excluded from Govt. grants,. Those transactions with Governement, which cannot be distinguished from the normal trading transactions of the enterprise, are not considered as Government grants.
Accounting for Investments : It is the assets held for earning income by way of dividend, interest and rentals, for capital appreciation or for other benefits.
Accounting for Amalgamation : This accounting standard deals with accounting to be made in books of Transferee company in case of amalgamtion. This accounting standard is not applicable to cases of acquisition of shares when one company acquires / purcahses the share of another company and the acquired company is not dissolved and its seperate entity continues to exist. The standard is applicable when acquired company is dissolved and seperate entity ceased exist and purchasing company continues with the business of acquired company
Employee Benefits : Accounting Standard has been revised by ICAI and is applicable in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1st April 2006. the scope of the accounting standard has been enlarged, to include accounting for short-term employee benefits and termination benefits.
Borrowing Costs : Enterprises are borrowing the funds to acquire, build and install the fixed assets and other assets, these assets take time to make them useable or saleable, therefore the enterprises incur the interest (cost on borrowing) to acquire and build these assets. The objective of the Accounting Standard is to prescribe the treatment of borrowing cost (interest + other cost) in accounting, whether the cost of borrowing should be included in the cost of assets or not.
Segment Reporting : An enterprise needs in multiple products/services and operates in different geographical areas. Multiple products / services and their operations in different geographical areas are exposed to different risks and returns. Information about multiple products / services and their operation in different geographical areas are called segment information. Such information is used to assess the risk and return of multiple products/services and their operation in different geographical areas. Disclosure of such information is called segment reporting.
Related Paty Disclosure : Sometimes business transactions between related parties lose the feature and character of the arms length transactions. Related party relationship affects the volume and decision of business of one enterprise for the benefit of the other enterprise. Hence disclosure of related party transaction is essential for proper understanding of financial performance and financial position of enterprise.
Accounting for leases : Lease is an arrangement by which the lesser gives the right to use an asset for given period of time to the lessee on rent. It involves two parties, a lessor and a lessee and an asset which is to be leased. The lessor who owns the asset agrees to allow the lessee to use it for a specified period of time in return of periodic rent payments.
Earning Per Share :Earning per share (EPS)is a financial ratio that gives the information regarding earning available to each equiy share. It is very important financial ratio for assessing the state of market price of share. This accounting standard gives computational methodology for the determination and presentation of earning per share, which will improve the comparison of EPS. The statement is applicable to the enterprise whose equity shares or potential equity shares are listed in stock exchange.
Consolidated Financial Statements : The objective of this statement is to present financial statements of a parent and its subsidiary (ies) as a single economic entity. In other words the holding company and its subsidiary (ies) are treated as one entity for the preparation of these consolidated financial statements. Consolidated profit/loss account and consolidated balance sheet are prepared for disclosing the total profit/loss of the group and total assets and liabilities of the group. As per this accounting standard, the conslidated balance sheet if prepared should be prepared in the manner prescribed by this statement.
Accounting for Taxes on Income : This accounting standard prescribes the accounting treatment for taxes on income. Traditionally, amount of tax payable is determined on the profit/loss computed as per income tax laws. According to this accounting standard, tax on income is determined on the principle of accrual concept. According to this concept, tax should be accounted in the period in which corresponding revenue and expenses are accounted. In simple words tax shall be accounted on accrual basis; not on liability to pay basis.
Accounting for Investments in Associates in consolidated financial statements : The accounting standard was formulated with the objective to set out the principles and procedures for recognizing the investment in associates in the cosolidated financial statements of the investor, so that the effect of investment in associates on the financial position of the group is indicated.
Discontinuing Operations : The objective of this standard is to establish principles for reporting information about discontinuing operations. This standard covers "discontinuing operations" rather than "discontinued operation". The focus of the disclosure of the Information is about the operations which the enterprise plans to discontinue rather than dsclosing on the operations which are already discontinued. However, the disclosure about discontinued operation is also covered by this standard.
Interim Financial Reporting (IFR) : Interim financial reporting is the reporting for periods of less than a year generally for a period of 3 months. As per clause 41 of listing agreement the companies are required to publish the financial results on a quarterly basis.
Intangible Assets : An Intangible Asset is an Identifiable non-monetary Asset without physical substance held for use in the production or supplying of goods or services for rentals to others or for administrative purpose
Financial Reporting of Interest in joint ventures : Joint Venture is defined as a contractual arrangement whereby two or more parties carry on an economic activity under 'joint control'. Control is the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an economic activity so as to obtain benefit from it. 'Joint control' is the contractually agreed sharing of control over economic activity.
Impairment of Assets : The dictionary meanong of 'impairment of asset' is weakening in value of asset. In other words when the value of asset decreases, it may be called impairment of an asset. As per AS-28 asset is said to be impaired when carrying amount of asset is more than its recoverable amount.
Provisions, Contingent Liabilities And Contingent Assets : Objective of this standard is to prescribe the accounting for Provisions, Contingent Liabilitites, Contingent Assets, Provision for restructuring cost.
Provision: It is a liability, which can be measured only by using a substantial degree of estimation.
Liability: A liability is present obligation of the enterprise arising from past events the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the enterprise of resources embodying economic benefits.
Financial Instrument: Recognition and Measurement, issued by The Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of Accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2009 and will be recommendatory in nature for An initial period of two years. This Accounting Standard will become mandatory in respect of Accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2011 for all commercial, industrial and business Entities except to a Small and Medium-sized Entity. The objective of this Standard is to establish principles for recognizing and measuring Financial assets, financial liabilities and some contracts to buy or sell non-financial items. Requirements for presenting information about financial instruments are in Accounting Standard.
Financial Instrument: presentation : The objective of this Standard is to establish principles for presenting financial instruments as liabilities or equity and for offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities. It applies to the classification of financial instruments, from the perspective of the issuer, into financial assets, financial liabilities and equity instruments; the classification of related interest, dividends, losses and gains; and the circumstances in which financial assets and financial liabilities should be offset. The principles in this Standard complement the principles for recognising and measuring financial assets and financial liabilities in Accounting Standard Financial Instruments:
Financial Instruments, Disclosures and Limited revision to accounting standards: The objective of this Standard is to require entities to provide disclosures in their financial statements that enable users to evaluate:
  • the significance of financial instruments for the entity’s financial position and performance; and
  • the nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments to which the entity is exposed during the period and at the reporting date, and how the entity manages those risks.
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Industrial Accounting & Taxation Training 

15, Bhande Plot Umred Road Near Shitla Mata Mandir Nagpur

Mob. 9373104022   www.aiatindia.com


Friday, December 11, 2015

Goods and Services Tax (GST) In India - Highlights and 4 key issues

 Click For Training All the political parties are flexing their respective muscles over the GST Bill. That it is one of the most crucial economic reforms measures for India is agreed by all, but there are many points of variance. We have already delved into that often enough. Here however, we cut through the hype and show the top highlights and exactly what the key issues in GST Bill are about in as brief a manner as possible. So, check out the top 6 highlights and after that the 4 most important key issues on the GST Bill issue:
Highlights of the GST Bill

1. The Bill amends the Constitution to introduce the goods and services tax (GST).

2. Parliament and state legislatures will have concurrent powers to make laws on GST. Only the centre may levy an integrated GST (IGST) on the interstate supply of goods and services, and imports.

3. Alcohol for human consumption has been exempted from the purview of GST. GST will apply to five petroleum products at a later date.

4. The GST Council will recommend rates of tax, period of levy of additional tax, principles of supply, special provisions to certain states etc. The GST Council will consist of the Union Finance Minister, Union Minister of State for Revenue, and state Finance Ministers.

5. The Bill empowers the centre to impose an additional tax of up to 1%, on the inter-state supply of goods for two years or more. This tax will accrue to states from where the supply originates.

6. Parliament may, by law, provide compensation to states for any loss of revenue from the introduction of GST, up to a five year period.
Key Issues

1. An ideal GST regime intends to create a harmonised system of taxation by subsuming all indirect taxes under one tax. It seeks to address challenges with the current indirect tax regime by broadening the tax base, eliminating cascading of taxes, increasing compliance, and reducing economic distortions caused by inter-state variations in taxes.

2. The provisions of this Bill do not fully conform to an ideal GST regime. Deferring the levy of GST on five petroleum products could lead to cascading of taxes.

3. The additional 1% tax levied on goods that are transported across states dilutes the objective of creating a harmonised national market for goods and services. Inter-state trade of a good would be more expensive than intra-state trade, with the burden being borne by retail consumers. Further, cascading of taxes will continue.

4. The Bill permits the centre to levy and collect GST in the course of inter-state trade and commerce. Instead, some experts have recommended a modified bank model for inter-state transactions to ease tax compliance and administrative burden.

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